TABLE OF CONTENTS |
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PAGE |
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| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | ES-1 | ||
| 1.0 BACKGROUND AND STUDY APPROACH | 1-1 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 1-2 | ||
| 1.2 Previous Studies | 1-3 | ||
| 1.2.1 Illinois Studies | 1-3 | ||
| 1.2.2 Ohio-Pennsylvania-West Virginia Studies | 1-3 | ||
| 1.2.3 Summary of Previous Research Efforts | 1-3 | ||
| 1.3 Statement of the Problem | 1-4 | ||
| 1.4 Project Objectives and Approach | 1-5 | ||
| 1.4.1 Selection of Study Sites | 1-5 | ||
| 1.4.2 Remote Sensing | 1-6 | ||
| 1.4.3 Subsidence Analysis | 1-7 | ||
| 1.4.4 Imaging Analysis | 1-7 | ||
| 1.4.5 Field Reconnaissance | 1-7 | ||
| 1.4.6 Data Evaluation | 1-8 | ||
| 2.0 SITES SELECTION | 2-1 | ||
| 2.1 Approach to Sites Selection | 2-1 | ||
| 2.2 Development of Sites Selection Criteria | 2-2 | ||
| 2.2.1 Criteria Considered | 2-2 | ||
| 2.2.2 Primary Sites Selection Criteria | 2-4 | ||
| 2.2.3 Secondary Sites Selection Criteria | 2-5 | ||
| 2.3 Identification of Candidate Sites | 2-5 | ||
| 2.4 Evaluation of Candidate Sites | 2-7 | ||
| 2.4.1 Review of Aerial Photographs | 2-7 | ||
| 2.4.2 Review of Published Data | 2-8 | ||
| 2.4.3 Field Reconnaissance | 2-9 | ||
| 2.4.4 Evaluation of Site Access Conditions | 2-10 | ||
| 2.5 Screening and Sites Selection | 2-11 | ||
| 2.5.1 Initial Screening of Candidate Mines | 2-11 | ||
| 2.5.2 Secondary Screening of Candidate Mines | 2-11 | ||
| 2.5.3 Study Sites for Selected Mines | 2-12 | ||
| 3.0 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES | 3-1 | ||
| 3.1 Airborne Multispectral Scanning Imagery | 3-1 | ||
| 3.1.1 Sensor Characteristics | 3-2 | ||
| 3.1.2 Flight Plans and Data Collection | 3-3 | ||
| 3.1.3 Data Processing and Image Production | 3-4 | ||
| 3.1.4 Geometric Correction of Multispectral Images | 3-5 | ||
| 3.2 Satellite Color Infrared Imagery | 3-7 | ||
| 3.3 Airborne Color Infrared Photography | 3-8 | ||
| 3.4 Summary of Satellite Imagery and Airborne Photography | 3-9 | ||
| 4.0 SUBSIDENCE ANALYSIS | 4-1 | ||
| 4.1 Background and Technical Approach | 4-1 | ||
| 4.2 Input Parameters and Analysis | 4-2 | ||
| 4.3 Results of Analysis | 4-3 | ||
| 5.0 IMAGING ANALYSIS | 5-1 | ||
| 5.1 Software/Data | 5-1 | ||
| 5.2 Image Analysis Methodology | 5-2 | ||
| 5.2.1 Natural Color | 5-2 | ||
| 5.2.2 Color Infrared | 5-2 | ||
| 5.2.3 NDVI | 5-3 | ||
| 5.2.4 Night Thermal | 5-3 | ||
| 5.2.5 Day Thermal | 5-3 | ||
| 5.3 Identification of Potentially Stressed Tree Canopy Sites | 5-4 | ||
| 5.4 Multispectral Scanning Data | 5-6 | ||
| 5.5 Replicate Color Infrared Imagery | 5-7 | ||
| 6.0 GROUND TRUTHING OF SITES IDENTIFIED FROM IMAGERY | 6-1 | ||
| 6.1 Approach to Field Observations | 6-1 | ||
| 6.1.1 General Approach | 6-1 | ||
| 6.1.2 Methodology for Evaluating Health of Individual Trees | 6-3 | ||
| 6.2 Location of Field Sites Using GPS | 6-5 | ||
| 6.3 Notification of Property Owners | 6-6 | ||
| 6.4 General Observations | 6-7 | ||
| 6.5 Evaluation of Stressed Tree Canopy Areas Identified from Imagery | 6-8 | ||
| 6.5.1 General | 6-8 | ||
| 6.5.2 Bailey Mine | 6-9 | ||
| 6.5.3 Blacksville No. 1 and No. 2 Mines | 6-11 | ||
| 6.5.4 Humphrey No. 7 Mine | 6-12 | ||
| 6.5.5 Summary of Observations | 6-13 | ||
| 7.0 EVALUATION OF SUBSIDED AREAS/CORRESPONDING IMAGERY | 7-1 | ||
| 7.1 Evaluation of Subsidence Pools along Enlow Fork | 7-2 | ||
| 7.2 Evaluation of Longwall Panel Boundary/Strain Areas | 7-3 | ||
| 7.2.1 Study Site A-1 | 7.3 | ||
| 7.2.2 Study Site B-1 | 7-7 | ||
| 7.2.3 Study Site D-2 | 7-8 | ||
| 7.3 Evaluation of Lee Property | 7-9 | ||
| 7.4 Summary of Field Observations in Subsided Areas | 7-10 | ||
| 7.4.1 Enlow Fork Pools | 7-10 | ||
| 7.4.2 Longwall Mine Panel Boundaries | 7-11 | ||
| 7.4.3 Lee Property | 7-12 | ||
| 7.5 Evaluation of Imagery at Areas of Known Subsidence | 7-12 | ||
| 7.5.1 Enlow Fork Pools | 7-12 | ||
| 7.5.2 Longwall Mine Panel Boundaries | 7-12 | ||
| 7.5.3 Lee Property | 7-13 | ||
| 8.0 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS | 8-1 | ||
| 8.1 Use of Remote Sensing Imagery to Detect Tree Canopy Stress | 8-2 | ||
| 8.2 Analysis of Imagery and Tree Survey Data from Field Sites | 8-4 | ||
| 8.2.1 General | 8-4 | ||
| 8.2.2 Comparison of Tree Health at Undermined and Control Study Sites |
8-4 | ||
| 8.2.3 Comparison of Imagery at Undermineed and Control Study Sites |
8-5 | ||
| 8.3 Evaluation of Observations at Subsided Areas | 8-6 | ||
| 8.3.1 Enlow Fork Pools | 8-6 | ||
| 8.3.2 Mine Panel Boundaries | 8-7 | ||
| 8.3.3 Lee Property | 8-8 | ||
| 8.4 Conclusions | 8-9 | ||
| 8.4.1 Field Sites Identified from the Imagery | 8-10 | ||
| 8.4.2 Subsidence Areas Observed in the Field | 8-10 | ||
| 9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
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9-1 | ||
| REFERENCES | |||
| LIST OF TABLES | |||
| LIST OF FIGURES (not available on-line) | |||
| APPENDIX A - AMS REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY (not available on-line) | |||
| APPENDIX B - COLOR INFRARED IMAGERY (not available on-line) | |||
| APPENDIX C - AMS SPECIFICATIONS AND FLIGHT LOGS (not available on-line) | |||
| APPENDIX D - FIELD NOTES | |||
| APPENDIX E - INDIVIDUAL TREE DATA | |||
| APPENDIX F - PHOTOGRAPHS | |||
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